obesity

Working Out the Chemistry of Exercise Endurance

IRP’s Paul Hwang Discovers How Muscle Cells Gear Up for Training

joggers

As the weather warms up in March, which is National Athletic Training Month, many of us come out of hibernation and finally fulfill that new year’s resolution to start exercising. Deep down in our cells, our mitochondria, the tiny power stations that turn oxygen into energy, start getting a workout, too.

IRP senior investigator Paul Hwang, M.D., Ph.D., studies how mitochondria and cellular energy production affect human health and disease, with a particular focus on cardiovascular health and cancer. However, March’s many new fitness enthusiasts might be most interested in a recent finding from his laboratory that seems to explain how muscles build endurance as we train them through exercise. His team’s insights also explain why muscles revert back to couch potato mode so quickly when we stop regular exercise. 

Moms’ Microbes May Influence Babies’ Future Health

IRP Mouse Study Suggests Intervention Might Reduce Health Problems Associated with C-Section Births

mother holding her baby

Every kid’s first gift from their mom is half of her DNA, but nearly a third of children born nowadays miss out on a bonus present. That’s because babies born via vaginal delivery are exposed to the microorganisms that live in the vagina, but infants born via Cesarian section are not. A new IRP mouse study suggests that an intervention designed to make up for this missed opportunity could reduce the risk of certain health problems that are more common in babies born via C-section.

Metabolic Inflexibility Drives Increased Appetite

IRP Research Could Aid Personalized Weight Loss Recommendations

person eating an over-sized burger

We all know the stereotype of the picky child who shuns vegetables unless they’re smothered in ranch dressing or cheese. Surprisingly, the human body can also be similarly choosy about how it fuels itself. New IRP research shows that people whose bodies prefer to raid their sugar depots rather than use stored fat during a period without food consume more calories after their fast, suggesting a possible explanation for why some people are more prone to gaining weight over time or have less success with certain weight loss interventions.

A Promising Path to Saving Stiffening Livers

IRP Study Could Lead to New Treatments for an Increasingly Prevalent Liver Ailment

fatty liver

Experienced bakers know certain ingredients are impossible to work with when they’re not supple enough — just try making cookies with ice-cold butter or rock-hard brown sugar. The same could be said of the liver, which struggles to do its job when high levels of fat accumulate in it and trigger a process that binds the liver up in an inflexible mesh. Recent IRP research has identified a key set of biochemical events responsible for that ailment, pointing the way towards a possible method of treating an increasingly prevalent cause of liver disease.

Applying Rare Disease Discoveries to Diabetes

Patients With Rare Metabolic Conditions Yield Insights Into Common Ailments

overweight patient talking with doctor

Young doctors are taught the adage, “When you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras.” Just as you would not expect to find a zebra in your barn, when making a diagnosis, you generally don’t expect to find an unusual disease. However, just as there are still zebras in the world, there are also rare diseases. On Rare Disease Day, celebrated on the last day of February each year, we call attention to the 300 million people affected by them.

Defined as conditions that affect fewer than 1 in 2,000 people, rare diseases pose both challenges and opportunities to medical research. Because they are so uncommon, diagnosis can take years, and treatments may be difficult to obtain or may not yet exist. However, for IRP Lasker Clinical Research Scholar Rebecca J. Brown, M.D., M.H.Sc., the study of several rare metabolic diseases may shed light on the causes of one of the most common diseases in the U.S.

IRP Study Gets Kids Moving to Improve Blood Sugar Control

Interrupting Sedentary Time Could Help Stave Off Health Problems

little girl playing on a tablet

Many people don’t get much exercise these days, and kids are no exception. Whether at school, doing homework, or entertaining themselves online, children and teens spend hours on end sitting around. That lack of physical activity raises their risk for metabolic conditions like obesity and type 2 diabetes, but according to a recent IRP study, breaking up those long, sedentary periods with just a few minutes of exercise could yield noticeable benefits for their health.

Moms’ Caffeine Consumption May Affect Babies’ Brains

Findings Could Explain Why Caffeine Exposure In-Utero Increases Kids’ Risk for Obesity

steaming cup of coffee

Between books, the media, and well-meaning friends and relatives, new parents are inundated with advice about how to set their kids up for a happy and healthy future. However, what parents do before their children are even born can also have a huge impact on how they turn out. For instance, new IRP research suggests that a pregnant woman’s caffeine consumption can rewire her baby’s brain in ways that put the child at increased risk for obesity later in life.

Boosting Brain Activity to Suppress Snacking

Non-Invasive Stimulation Method May Improve Self-Regulation Around Food

a box of donuts

Marketers make a living from the fact that merely seeing an advertisement for junk food can spur a sudden craving for potato chips or sugary cereal. Some people have an easier time than others resisting such urges, and over-consuming that sort of food can have problematic consequences for health. Findings from a recent IRP study suggest that stimulating a particular part of the brain might help people who struggle with obesity by enhancing their ability to control their desire to snack.

IRP’s Shannon Zenk Elected to the National Academy of Medicine

Nursing Research Leader Sheds Light on How Neighborhoods Influence Health

Dr. Shannon Zenk

When you think about public health, city planning might not be the first thing that comes to mind. Yet where we live — the quality of the buildings, the availability of places to walk and play safely, and the types of schools and stores in the neighborhood — can profoundly affect our health. This relationship has been emphasized by the COVID-19 pandemic, as close, stuffy living conditions, the need to take public transportation to essential jobs, and inequities in access to testing and vaccination sites all contributed to the larger reduction in life expectancy for Black and Latino Americans compared to Caucasians over the last two years.

Shannon N. Zenk, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.N., F.A.A.N., Director of the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2021 for her research into how neighborhood characteristics affect the health of residents and contribute to the health disparities seen between communities with different racial and ethnic makeups and different levels of income.

Drug Duo Stokes Body’s Fat-Burning Furnace

Mouse Study Suggests Treatment Strategy Could Benefit Patients with Obesity

fire

It’s bad enough that the excess abdominal fat carried by most individuals with obesity causes widespread inflammation throughout their bodies. To add insult to injury, that inflammation actually makes it harder to use up overloaded fat stores. However, a new IRP mouse study supports a two-pronged pharmaceutical approach that could break this vicious cycle and help improve the health of people with obesity.