Patricia J. Gearhart, Ph.D.

Senior Investigator

Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology

NIA

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251 Bayview Boulevard
Suite 100
Baltimore, MD 21224

410-558-8561

gearhartp@mail.nih.gov

Research Topics

AID and Somatic Hypermutation:
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes occurs at a frequency that is a million times greater than mutation in other genes. We have used biochemical and genetic techniques to study this fascinating process that occurs in B lymphocytes. Mutations are found in variable genes to produce high affinity antibodies, and in switch regions before constant genes to change heavy chain classes. Hypermutation is initiated when the activation-induced deaminase (AID) protein deaminates cytosine in DNA to uracil. During repair of uracils, low-fidelity DNA polymerases introduce nucleotide substitutions. We are studying the role of transcription in targeting this dangerous mutagen to the immunoglobulin loci.

Changes in B Cells during Aging:
B cells from old mice are hyper-responsive to antigen stimulation compared to their young counterparts. We are examining molecular changes in signaling pathways that arise in old cells during life-time exposure to endogenous antigens.

B Cells in Atherosclerosis:
Using mouse models, we demonstrated that antibodies to oxidized low density lipoproteins prevent disease, and antibodies to self-proteins increase inflammation. We are exploring the potential of antibodies as vaccines and as biomarkers of human disease.

Biography

Dr. Patricia Gearhart received her Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1974. She performed postdoctoral training at the Johns Hopkins University and was a staff associate at the Carnegie Institution of Washington until 1982. She then became a faculty member at the Johns Hopkins University until 1995, when she moved to the NIA.

Selected Publications

  1. Maul RW, Saribasak H, Martomo SA, McClure RL, Yang W, Vaisman A, Gramlich HS, Schatz DG, Woodgate R, Wilson DM 3rd, Gearhart PJ. Uracil residues dependent on the deaminase AID in immunoglobulin gene variable and switch regions. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(1):70-6.
  2. Saribasak H, Maul RW, Cao Z, Yang WW, Schenten D, Kracker S, Gearhart PJ. DNA polymerase ζ generates tandem mutations in immunoglobulin variable regions. J Exp Med. 2012;209(6):1075-81.
  3. Maul RW, Cao Z, Venkataraman L, Giorgetti CA, Press JL, Denizot Y, Du H, Sen R, Gearhart PJ. Spt5 accumulation at variable genes distinguishes somatic hypermutation in germinal center B cells from ex vivo-activated cells. J Exp Med. 2014;211(11):2297-306.
  5. Heltzel JHM, Maul RW, Yang W, Gearhart PJ. Promoter Proximity Defines Mutation Window for V(H) and V(Κ) Genes Rearranged to Different J Genes. J Immunol. 2022;208(9):2220-2226.

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This page was last updated on Friday, August 21, 2026